Mary Namata unbuttoned her dress in an examining room at Mulago Hospital, revealing a breast taut and swollen with grape-size tumours that looked as if they might burst through the skin.
“How long have you had this?” a doctor asked gently.
Namata, 48, an elegant woman with stylishly braided hair and a flowing, traditional Ugandan dress, looked away, shamefaced.
“About a year,” she murmured.
The truth, she admitted later, was closer to four years.
Such enormous tumours, rare in developed countries, are typical here.
Women in Uganda, trapped by stigma, poverty, and misinformation, often do not seek help for breast cancer until it is too late.
For Namata, though, there was still hope that the cancer had not spread beyond the breast, her doctors said. Treatment could prolong her life, maybe even cure her — if it started soon.
But would she be treated in time? Women in Africa often face perilous delays in treatment as a result of scarce resources, incompetence, and corruption.
Would Namata wind up like so many women here, with the disease so far gone that doctors can offer nothing but surgery to remove rotting flesh, morphine for pain, and antibacterial powder to kill the smell of festering tumours that break through the skin?
Cancer has long been neglected in developing countries, overshadowed by the struggle against more acute threats like malaria and Aids.
But as nations across the continent have made remarkable progress against infectious diseases once thought too daunting to tackle, more people are living long enough to develop cancer, and the disease is coming to the forefront.
Given the strides poor countries have made against other health problems, they should also be able to improve the treatment of cancer, public health experts increasingly say.
Two years ago, the United Nations began a global campaign against non-communicable diseases — cancer, diabetes, heart and lung disease — noting that they hit the poor especially hard.
Worldwide, at least 7.6 million people a year die from cancer and 70 per cent of those deaths occur in poor and moderate-income countries, according to the World Health Organisation.
Breast cancer takes a particularly harsh toll. It is the world’s most common cancer in women and their leading cause of cancer death, with 1.6 million cases a year and more than 450,000 deaths.
Survival rates vary considerably from country to country, and even within countries.
In the United States, about 20 per cent of women who have breast cancer die from it, compared with 40 to 60 per cent in poorer countries.
The differences depend heavily on the status of women, their awareness of symptoms, and the availability of timely care.
At the same time, scientists’ deepening insights into the genetic basis of cancer have introduced a complicated new dimension into the care of women globally.
Uganda is trying to improve the treatment of all types of cancer in ways that make sense in a place with limited resources. A new hospital and clinic, paid for by the Ugandan government, have been added to the Uganda Cancer Institute in Kampala, although they have not yet opened, for lack of equipment.
But women like Namata, with breast cancer so advanced that there is just a tiny window of time, if any, in which to save their lives, will be among the toughest challenges here.
“The terrible part about breast cancer is that if we just did what we already know how to do in other places, we could make major shifts in survival,” said Dr Benjamin O. Anderson, who heads the Breast Health Global Initiative, based at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, US.
There is a pressing need for action because breast cancer is “escalating,” the initiative says, predicting that incidence and death rates in developing countries will increase by more than 50 per cent in the next 20 years.
Mary Namata, 48, who has large tumors in her right breast, outside her home in the town of Buddo, near Kampala, Uganda, July 20, 2013. Photo/FILE
The breast cancer rate in Africa seems to be increasing, although cervical cancer kills more women in the sub-Saharan region.
It is not clear whether breast cancer is actually becoming more common or is just being detected and reported more often, but physicians consider it a looming threat.
Compared with breast cancer patients in developed countries, those in Africa tend to be younger, and they are more likely to die, in large part because of late diagnosis and inadequate treatment.
Doctors also suspect that more aggressive types of tumours may be more common in young African women, as they appear to be in young black women in the US, although there is not enough pathology data from Africa to know for sure.
Among women who die young (ages 15 to 49) from breast cancer, 72 per cent are in developing countries, and many leave small children.
“The story of breast cancer here is a miserable one,” said Dr Fred Okuku, an oncologist at the Uganda Cancer Institute in Kampala, which treats about 200 women a year for breast cancer.
“There is little information for the people who need to be helped. Only a few know how to read and write. Many don’t have a TV or radio. There is no word for cancer in most Ugandan languages. A woman finds a lump in her breast and cancer doesn’t cross her mind. It’s not in her vocabulary.”
Namata, a gracious woman with a radiant smile, lives in Buddo, a village outside Kampala. Lush jackfruit and papaya trees surround the house which Namata shares with two grand-daughters and her elderly mother, who is blind and a bit senile.
Namata used to farm but now looks after her mother and the girls, while their mother — Namata’s only daughter — works as a hairdresser to support the entire family. Namata and her husband parted ways long ago.
In late July, sitting on the cement floor with her granddaughters close by her side and her mother listening from a couch, Namata said that she had first noticed a lump in her right breast four years before, and that a doctor had told her the breast would most likely have to be removed.
Her mother broke into the story, shaking her head angrily and insisting that no woman should have her breast cut off.
Mastectomy is far more common in Africa than in developed countries, even for small lumps, because the technology may not be available to make sure that a lumpectomy is done properly.
Namata went on, saying she had planned to have the surgery, but friends and relatives talked her out of it, telling her that it would just spread the cancer and kill her.
Instead, she decided to try herbal treatments, which her daughter took out a loan to pay for.
Herbs are popular here, widely used for stomach trouble and coughs, and many people try them for cancer.
They are sold in shops and from vans parked along busy roads and are peddled door to door by Maasai tribesmen from Kenya.
In Kampala, not far from the cancer institute, herb peddlers in a van hawked remedies for ulcers, diabetes, toothaches, and syphilis over a loudspeaker and offered a yellow plastic container labelled Healthy Booster for $7 (about Sh600) to treat cancer.
Namata’s tumours kept growing and her breast began to hurt so much that she could not sleep. A hospice programme for people with advanced cancer gave her morphine. Finally, on July 17, the pain drove her back to the breast clinic at Mulago.
The clinic is held only once a week and does not have enough doctors to see all the patients who show up; many are sent home week after week and told to come back another time.
On this day, more than 100 women jammed its benches and dim corridors, where a guard called out warnings to beware of pickpockets. Namata was among the lucky few who were called in to be examined.
A team of US doctors happened to be visiting. Dr Constance D. Lehman, a radiologist at the Fred Hutchinson centre and the director of breast imaging at the University of Washington, used ultrasound to scan Namata’s armpit, then performed a needle biopsy. A pathologist from the centre, Dr Margaret Porter, studied the biopsy slide under a microscope.
Despite the large tumours, the doctors were hopeful. The cancer did not seem to have spread and the cells did not look terribly aggressive, Porter said.
But it would be important to treat her quickly, maybe with chemotherapy or a hormonal treatment first to shrink the tumours and make it easier to perform a mastectomy.
Jessy Acen, 30, who has advanced breast cancer, at a cancer institute beside Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda, July 22, 2013. Photo/FILE
“I’m so nervous that she’ll fall through the cracks,” Lehman said. “She’s at a point where she is curable.”
The Americans huddled with a Ugandan surgical resident, who suggested admitting Namata to the hospital immediately. The Americans were delighted.
But Namata declined, saying she had to find someone to care for her mother and granddaughters. She promised to return.
The American doctors, busy examining other patients, did not learn until later that she had left. Crestfallen, they wondered if she would come back.
Breast cancer in Africa is usually not diagnosed until it has reached Stage 4, the final stage, when it has invaded organs or bones and cannot be cured.
If doctors could just find the disease a bit earlier — known as “downstaging” — and start treatment at Stage 3, before the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body, they could increase a woman’s odds of survival by 30 per cent, according to the 2012 World Breast Cancer Report, published by the International Prevention Research Institute.
Downstaging could be accomplished by getting women like Namata into the clinic as soon as they notice a lump.
But finding cases earlier will require sending health workers into rural areas to educate and examine women, Okuku said.
Earlier diagnosis here would not require mammograms to search for tiny tumours too small to feel. Instead, US experts hope to help downstage breast cancer in Uganda by teaching doctors to use ultrasound to examine lumps that women have already noticed and quickly identify those who most urgently need treatment.
Ultrasound works better than mammography in younger women and can help to distinguish cysts and other benign growths from lumps that need biopsies.
In July, a team led by Lehman gave a course on ultrasound to doctors from Mulago Hospital and the cancer institute, which share a campus in Kampala.
Lehman hopes eventually to set up a more efficient breast clinic, where women waiting to be seen would sort themselves into “more and less worrisome groups” by matching their symptoms to images on a laminated card.
The images would include photographs of bulging tumours in the breast so that someone like Namata could move to a high-priority group.
“I know that paradigm can work, and I know it can be translated to countries around the world,” Lehman said.
She and most other breast cancer specialists say that the last thing Africa needs is to mimic the screening programmes in richer countries that offer mammograms every year or two to all healthy women over the age of 40 or 50.
There are nowhere near enough trained people in Africa to run the machines, maintain them, and read the scans. In Uganda, a donated mammography van was used for a cancer-education programme — not for mammograms.
Experts say that emphasising mammograms could divert resources from the many women who urgently need care for palpable lumps that can easily be found without mammograms.
In any case, mammography would not do a good job of finding tumours in the large proportion of African patients under 50 because younger women have dense breast tissue that hides tumours from X-rays.
Even in Western countries, there are growing concerns about potential harm from mammography because it can identify minute growths that might never progress but patients are nonetheless given aggressive treatments with significant side effects.
To transfer such screening-mammography programmes to Africa “feels wrong,” Lehman said. “It feels like we’re infecting them with our problems rather than really sharing with them our triumphs.”
Gertrude Nakigudde is an accountant for an international freight forwarding firm in Kampala. Twelve years ago, when she was 28, she noticed a lump in her breast. Assuming she was too young to have cancer, she did not see a doctor for about a year.
