Khartoum
More than two years after Sudan's power-sharing deal was inked, analysts say the role of civilian leaders is receding while the army remains dominant.
The country's powerful generals and key civil society factions signed a deal four months later for a civilian government and legislature to spearhead the post-Bashir transition.
But the legislative assembly has yet to materialise, and splits have deepened within the Forces for Freedom and Change (FFC), the main civilian alliance which led the anti-Bashir protests.
Support for Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok's transitional government of technocrats has waned, in large part due to economic reforms that have taken a heavy toll on many Sudanese households.
And delays in delivering justice to the families of those killed under Bashir, and even during the 2019 protests following his ouster, have left the government open to further criticism.
"Foot-dragging by the military on key aspects of the transition... has stunted progress," said Jonas Horner of the International Crisis Group.
"Internal divisions and a dearth of capacity have hurt the civilians' ability to keep the transition ticking over," he added.
The 2019 accord initially outlined a three-year transition, but that period was reset when Sudan signed a peace deal with an alliance of rebel groups last October.
The military and civilian camps only work "in sync sporadically", Horner said.
Deep military involvement
Horner said forming the transitional legislative council "would be key to initiating oversight over the military".
"But both security forces and older political parties, concerned about a dilution of their current powers, have blocked this crucial reform."
Last year, Sudan announced plans to normalise ties with Israel as the US agreed to remove Khartoum from Washington's state sponsors of terror blacklist.
The Sudanese decision upended policy in place since the 1967 Arab-Israeli Six-Day War, said Omar al-Digeir, a leader in the FFC civilian alliance.
The transitional government signed the accord in January during a visit by Washington's Treasury chief, and simultaneously obtained US financial aid.
Government officials have said the deal would come into effect only after the approval of the yet-to-be formed legislature.
According to analyst Magdi el-Gizouli of the Rift Valley Institute think tank, "the re-orientation of Sudan's foreign policy since Bashir was outlined by the military".
A senior member of the ruling council, Mohamed Hamdan Daglo, known as Hemeti — commander of a feared paramilitary force — signed last October's peace deal with a key rebel alliance on behalf of Khartoum.
Military expert Amin Ismail said civilian participation in peace talks with the rebels was "limited".
The military also dominates lucrative companies specialising in everything from agriculture to infrastructure projects.
Hamdok said last year that 80 per cent of the country's public resources were "outside the finance ministry's control", without specifying the proportion controlled by the army.
A military source who requested anonymity told AFP that the involvement of civilians in any military affairs remains a "highly sensitive" issue.
"Recent civilian calls for security sector reforms may accordingly continue to face resistance," the source added.
Civilian leaders and former rebel factions have been pushing for reforms that include integrating paramilitaries and armed groups into the armed forces.
According to Digeir from the FFC civilian alliance, the 2019 power-sharing accord failed to specify who would be overseeing the security reforms.
"Instead, it was left to be shared between both sides," he said.
Horner said the transitional deal demands that civilians "ultimately exercise oversight of the military".
"But there has been no sign of military will to step away from their dominant role in the country," he added.
