War-torn South Sudan’s slide into chaos resumed last month with fresh fighting in the capital Juba that forced rebel leader turned vice-president and peace deal signatory Riek Machar to flee.
With the rise in clashes came a surge of abuse of civilians by armed men including rape, murder and looting.
A year-old peace deal was only partly implemented and, as July’s battles showed, was insufficient to stop the war — yet regional and foreign powers cling to it as the country’s only hope.
The deal, signed in August last year by rebel Mr Machar and President Salva Kiir, hangs in the balance. Mr Machar has fled the country and been replaced as vice president by Taban Deng Gai, who leads a Juba-based faction of the opposition SPLM/A-IO.
Mr Deng’s appointment has yet to be fully accepted by either Machar loyalists or the international community that forced through the peace deal. During a visit to Kenya this month, US Secretary of State John Kerry hinted at US acceptance of the new reality when he described Mr Machar’s ouster as a “replacement of personnel” that was legal under the agreement.
Mr Machar fled Juba on foot after fighting in the city ended on July 11. He resurfaced in the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo on August 18 and then flew to the Sudanese capital Khartoum for unspecified medical treatment.
Aides say Mr Machar is eager to reassert himself politically as soon as he is fit and well by visiting regional countries that are members of the IGAD bloc (Intergovernmental Authority on Development), which has led successive rounds of peace talks.
Machar left a sharply divided (and, in Juba, militarily defeated) former rebel movement in his wake when he fled. Mr Deng enjoys the backing of Kiir but field commanders, armed forces and SPLM/A-IO leaders outside Juba continue to back Machar — for now.
“Machar is still an influential leader as long as he is alive,” said James Okuk, a political scientist at Juba University.
Regional bloc IGAD has said that Mr Deng should step aside when Machar returns, but the longer Machar is absent the stronger Deng’s claim becomes and he may yet consolidate his position among the former rebels too.
One way to achieve this, analysts say, would be for Deng and Kiir to move ahead with integrating rebel forces into the national army, effectively disarming Machar while implementing a key provision of the peace accords.
Machar loyalists are being rooted out of South Sudan’s parliament and Cabinet and being replaced with Deng’s allies, weakening Machar’s influence. Five out of 10 SPLM-IO ministers have been replaced along with 25 out of 50 MPs.
Meanwhile Mr Deng has quickly taken up the functions of the vice presidency, undertaking official visits to both Kenya and Sudan in recent weeks.
Machar’s future appears to rest in foreign hands and is largely dependent on whether the international community is willing to move ahead on a peace agreement without him.
On August 12 the UN Security Council approved the deployment of a so-called “protection force” in South Sudan to bolster the much-criticised peacekeeping operation there and enable the implementation of the peace agreement.
Machar has said he will not return to Juba until a “neutral force” is in place and his safety guaranteed, but Kiir’s government has resisted the UN plan, insisting it is a challenge to South Sudan’s sovereignty and that further negotiations over the force’s mandate are needed.
While South Sudan has stopped short of refusing to accept more peacekeepers, the government has yet to accept them either, and it is impossible to imagine UN soldiers being deployed against the will of the government.
