The dramatic rise of online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic has spotlit concerns about the role of technology in exam surveillance and student cheating.
Some universities have reported more cheating during the pandemic, and such concerns are unfolding in a climate where technologies that allow for the automation of writing continue to improve.
Over the past two years, the ability of artificial intelligence to generate writing has leapt forward significantly, particularly with the development of what’s known as the language generator GPT-3. Companies such as Google, Microsoft and NVIDIA can now produce ‘human-like’ text.
AI-generated writing has raised the stakes of how universities and schools will gauge what constitutes academic misconduct, such as plagiarism. As scholars with an interest in academic integrity and the intersections of work, society and educators’ labour, we believe that educators and parents should be, at the very least, paying close attention to these significant developments.
The use of technology in academic writing is already widespread. For example, many universities already use text-based plagiarism detectors like Turnitin, while students might use Grammarly, a cloud-based writing assistant. Examples of writing support include automatic text generation, extraction, prediction, mining, form-filling, paraphrasing, translation and transcription.
Advancements in AI technology have led to new tools, products and services being offered to writers to improve content and efficiency. As these improve, soon entire articles or essays might be generated and written entirely by artificial intelligence. In schools, the implications of such developments will undoubtedly shape the future of learning, writing and teaching.
Research has revealed that concerns over academic misconduct are already widespread across institutions of higher education in Canada and internationally.
In Canada, there is little data regarding the rates of misconduct. Research published in 2006 based on data from mostly undergraduate students at 11 higher education institutions found 53 per cent reported having engaged in one or more instances of serious cheating on written work, which was defined as copying material without footnoting, copying material almost word for word, submitting work done by someone else, fabricating or falsifying a bibliography, submitting a paper they either bought or got from someone else for free.
Academic misconduct is in all likelihood under-reported across Canadian higher education institutions.
There are different types of violations of academic integrity, including plagiarism, contract cheating (where students hire other people to write their papers) and exam cheating, among others.
Unfortunately, with technology, students can use their ingenuity and entrepreneurialism to cheat. These concerns are also applicable to faculty members, academics and writers in other fields, bringing new concerns surrounding academic integrity and AI such as: if a piece of writing was 49 per cent written by AI, with the remaining 51 per cent written by a human, is this considered original work?
What if an essay was 100 per cent written by AI, but a student did some of the coding themselves? What qualifies as ‘AI assistance’ instead of ‘academic cheating’? Do the same rules apply to students as they would to academics and researchers?
We are asking these questions in our own research, and we know that in the face of all this, educators will be required to consider how writing can be effectively assessed or evaluated as these technologies improve.
At the moment, little guidance, policy or oversight is available regarding technology, AI and academic integrity for teachers and educational leaders.
Over the past year, Covid-19 has pushed more students towards online learning — a sphere where teachers may become less familiar with their own students and thus, potentially, their writing.
While it remains impossible to predict the future of these technologies and their implications in education, we can attempt to discern some of the larger trends and trajectories that will impact teaching, learning and research.
A key concern moving forward is the apparent movement towards the increased automation of education where educational technology companies offer commodities such as writing tools as proposed solutions for the various ‘problems’ within education.
An example of this is the automated assessment of student work, such as automated grading of student writing. Numerous commercial products already exist for automated grading, though the ethics of these technologies are yet to be fully explored by scholars and educators.
Overall, the traditional landscape surrounding academic integrity and authorship is being rapidly reshaped by technological developments. Such technological developments also spark concerns about shifting professional control away from educators and ever-increasing new expectations of digital literacy in precarious working environments.
These complexities, concerns and questions will require further thought and discussion. Educational stakeholders at all levels will be required to respond and rethink definitions as well as values surrounding plagiarism, originality, academic ethics and academic labour in the very near future.
Michael Mindzak is Assistant Professor, Faculty of Education, Brock University
Sarah Elaine Eaton is Educational Leader in Residence, Academic Integrity and Assistant Professor, University of Calgary
