The change in rhetoric reflects Leo's growing concern with the direction of global leadership, experts said, after he maintained a relatively low profile for a pope during the first 10 months of his papacy.
Trump first attacked Leo as "terrible" on Sunday, in an apparent response to the pope's criticisms of the US-Israeli war on Iran. He lobbed more criticism again on Thursday, suggesting the pope didn't understand foreign policy issues.
The first US pope, speaking earlier that day in Cameroon, had said the world was "being ravaged by a handful of tyrants", without naming individuals.
"Normally popes and the Vatican are cautious when it comes to international politics, preferring diplomacy to public censure," said John Thavis, a retired Vatican correspondent who covered three papacies.
"(Leo) seems convinced that the world needs to hear explicit condemnation of injustice and aggression, and he seems aware that he is one of very few people who have a global pulpit."
Moral leader on global stage
Pope Leo XIV addresses Algeria’s political leaders at the cultural centre of the Great Mosque of Algiers (Djamaa El Djazair) in Mohamadia, Algiers, Algeria, April 13, 2026.
Photo credit: Reuters
The pope, known for choosing his words carefully, mostly avoided comment about the U.S. until March, when he emerged as an outspoken critic of the Iran war.
He first mentioned Trump by name publicly only at the beginning of April, suggesting that the president find an "off-ramp" to end the war.
In Africa, the pope has been speaking much more firmly. In speeches this week in Algeria and Cameroon, he warned that the whims of the world's richest threaten peace and decried violations of international law by "neocolonial" global powers.
"Pope Leo is establishing himself as a moral leader for the global scale," Bishop John Stowe of Lexington, Kentucky, told Reuters.
Stowe, president of a US Catholic peace organisation, said Leo's recent messages carried more weight by being given during a visit to Africa, "delivered face-to-face with the people who have lived with war, violence, famine and chronic poverty".
Pope doesn't want to be 'soft on Trumpism'
Popes have long been a moral voice on the global stage, loudly decrying situations of injustice. But they have also generally striven for the Church to remain neutral in world conflicts, allowing the Vatican to act as a mediator if asked to do so.
Massimo Faggioli, an expert on the papacy, pointed to the example of Pope Pius XII, who directed a clandestine network to shelter Jews during the Holocaust but is accused by some modern critics of not speaking loudly enough about the ongoing genocide.
"There's always the ghost of Pius XII hanging there," said Faggioli, a professor at Trinity College Dublin, referring to why Leo may be deciding to speak more forcefully now.
"I don't think he wants the Vatican to be accused of being soft on Trumpism because he's an American."
Leo speaking more directly than predecessor Francis
Pope Francis.
Photo credit: Photo | AFP
Leo, the former Cardinal Robert Prevost, spent decades as a missionary and bishop in Peru before becoming pope.
He lived there during an intense period of internal conflict between Peru's government and the Maoist guerrilla group Shining Path, when tens of thousands were killed in bloody warfare.
"In rural Peru, Prevost... was immersed in what poverty, corruption, globalization of indifference, climate catastrophe, (and) governmental violence does to people," said Natalia Imperatori-Lee, an academic at Fordham University.
"He's uniquely qualified to speak about the dangers of... political corruption and violence," she said.
Pope Francis, Leo's predecessor, was from Argentina and was also known for forceful denunciations of conflict. He too clashed with Trump, who once called Francis "disgraceful".
With his comments this week, Thavis said, Leo may have spoken more forcefully than Francis or any previous pope.
"Other popes, including John Paul II and Francis, have spoken about the dangers of ideological tyrannies and neocolonialism," said Thavis.
"But when Leo says the world is 'ravaged by a handful of tyrants,' that strikes me as a much more direct challenge to the leaders of powerful nations."
