More than two months into a conflict that has failed to deliver a decisive military or diplomatic win, President Donald Trump faces the risk that a standoff with Iran will drag on indefinitely and leave an even bigger problem for the U.S. and the world than before he launched the war.
With both sides outwardly confident they hold the upper hand and their positions far apart, there is no obvious off-ramp in sight, even as Iran submitted a fresh proposal to restart negotiations. Trump quickly rejected it on Friday.
For the U.S. president and his Republican Party, the implications of a continued impasse are grim.
An unresolved conflict would likely mean the global economic fallout, including high U.S. gasoline prices, will persist, putting further pressure on Trump, whose poll numbers are falling, and darkening Republican candidates' prospects ahead of November’s midterm congressional elections.
While there is little doubt that waves of U.S. and Israeli strikes heavily degraded Iran’s military capabilities, many of Trump’s often-shifting war objectives - from regime change to shutting Iran's path to a nuclear weapon - remain unfulfilled.
Fears for a more protracted deadlock have grown since Trump called off a trip by his negotiators to Islamabad last weekend and then dismissed an Iranian offer to halt the war, suspended since April 8 under a ceasefire agreement.
Tehran proposed setting aside discussion of its nuclear program until the conflict is formally ended and a deal is reached on reopening the Strait of Hormuz. That was a non-starter for Trump, who has demanded the nuclear issue be dealt with at the outset.
There was a glimmer of hope on Friday when state news agency IRNA reported Tehran had sent a revised proposal through Pakistani mediators, causing a drop in global oil prices that had risen sharply since Iran effectively closed the strait. Trump told reporters he was "not satisfied" with the offer, though he said there were ongoing contacts by phone.
A failure to wrest the vital oil-shipping waterway from Iranian control at the conclusion of the conflict would be a major blow to Trump’s legacy.
“He’d be remembered as the U.S. president who made the world less safe,” said Laura Blumenfeld, a Middle East expert at Johns Hopkins University in Washington.
White House spokeswoman Olivia Wales said Iran’s "desperation" is increasing due to military and economic pressure, and Trump "holds all the cards and has all the time he needs to make the best deal."
Resumption of hostilities?
With his next steps uncertain and no clear endgame, Trump has in private meetings raised the prospect of a prolonged naval blockade of Iran, possibly for months more, aimed at further squeezing off its oil exports and forcing it to reach a denuclearization agreement, a White House official said on condition of anonymity.
At the same time, he has left the door open to resuming military action. The U.S. Central Command has prepared options for a "short and powerful" series of strikes as well as for taking over part of the strait to reopen it to shipping, Axios reported on Thursday.
European diplomats said their governments, whose relations with Trump have been strained by the war, expect the current situation with Iran to persist.
"It's hard to see how this will end soon," said one, speaking on condition of anonymity.
It has exerted powerful leverage against the U.S. and its allies, triggering an unprecedented energy supply shock by choking off shipping in the strait, where tanker traffic flowed freely before the war, carrying a fifth of the world’s oil.
Analysts say Iran will be emboldened knowing that it will have this weapon at its disposal even after the war.
“Iran has realized that, even in a weakened state, it can shut off the Strait at will,” said Jon Alterman of the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington. “That knowledge leaves Iran stronger than it was before the war."
Trump - who took office promising to avoid entanglement in foreign interventions - has also failed to achieve his main stated aim in attacking Iran on February 28: to close off its path to a nuclear weapon.
A stockpile of highly enriched uranium is believed to remain buried following U.S. and Israeli airstrikes last June and could be recovered and further processed into bomb-grade material. Iran says it wants the U.S. to recognize its right to enrich uranium for what it says are peaceful purposes.
Wales, the White House spokeswoman, said Trump had "met or surpassed" all military objectives, including action "to ensure that Iran can never have a nuclear weapon."
Another of Trump’s declared war goals – forcing Iran to stop support for proxy groups such as Lebanon’s Hezbollah, Yemen’s Houthis and Palestinian Hamas – also remains unmet.
Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth, in congressional testimony, denied the conflict had become a “quagmire," despite Trump having initially predicted it would be over in four to six weeks.
Renewed peace talks are unlikely to yield a quick resolution, given the large gaps.
Though Trump has said he will accept nothing less than a long-term solution to the threat posed by Iran, he has at times shown signs of seeking an exit plan from an unpopular conflict.
At the request of Trump’s aides, intelligence agencies are studying how Iran would respond if he declared a unilateral victory and pulled back, U.S. officials have told Reuters.
Independent analysts say Tehran would interpret that as its own strategic success for having survived the military onslaught.
At the same time, European and Gulf Arab diplomats have expressed concern that Trump might eventually agree to a flawed deal that would allow a wounded Iran to remain a threat.
Risk of 'frozen conflict'
With negotiations deadlocked, some analysts have suggested the war could devolve into a frozen conflict that would defy a permanent solution. That could prevent Trump from significantly scaling down forces in the Middle East.
Those include fractures with traditional European allies, who were not consulted before Trump went to war.
He has harshly criticized NATO partners for not sending their navies to help open the strait, and in the past week spoke about possibly drawing down troops in Germany, Spain and Italy.
Trump also must deal with a more hardline Iranian leadership, dominated by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, that took over after U.S.-Israeli strikes killed several figures, including Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.
The president's call at the start of the conflict for the Iranian people to overthrow their rulers has gone unheeded.
At home, Trump is under pressure to end a war that has dragged his approval rating to the lowest level of his term – 34%, according to a Reuters/Ipsos poll – and spiked gasoline prices above $4 a gallon ahead of the midterms, in which Republicans are at risk of losing control of Congress.
A second White House spokeswoman, Taylor Rogers, said Trump was committed to maintaining his party's congressional majority and that high gasoline prices were only "short-term disruptions" that would be overcome as the conflict subsides.
The Iranians, however, are mindful of Trump’s domestic troubles and may be prepared to wait him out, but the question remains how long they can stave off economic calamity.
“Iran isn’t fractured or folding, it’s playing for time,” Sina Toossi, a senior fellow at the Center for International Policy think tank in Washington, wrote on X.
