Russia on Thursday banned the "international LGBT movement," claiming it was an extremist group in a move that cements a long crackdown on the community as the Kremlin pushes ultra-conservative social values.
The conservative turn promoted by President Vladimir Putin has accelerated since the offensive in Ukraine, often portrayed as an existential fight against Western liberal values.
The Supreme Court handed down the ruling in Moscow on Thursday, AFP journalists in court reported.
The judge ruled that "the international LGBT public movement and its subdivisions" were extremist, and issued a "ban on its activities on the territory of Russia".
The judge said the order should be executed immediately -- though some rights NGOs said there would be bureaucratic delays.
"It's causing a huge panic because it's completely unclear who will be prosecuted under this ban," Noel Shaida, the head of communication at LGBTQ rights NGO Sphere Foundation, told AFP.
If applied to individuals, the "extremist" label means gay, lesbian, transgender or queer people living in Russia could face years in jail.
It also opens the way to the criminal prosecution of any group protecting the rights of these communities in Russia.
"Authorities could start opening criminal cases against public figures and activists to create a climate of fear," said Maxim Olenichev, a lawyer with Pervy Otdel, which helps victims of repression in Russia.
The ban means "complete censorship and probably difficulties in providing assistance, because we will have to go underground," Shaida, 27, said.
Most of her team has left Russia to coordinate support from relative safety abroad, as have other rights organisations since the beginning of the offensive in Ukraine.
Shaida said the ban was "quite an obvious continuation of the constant repression against LGBTQ people" in Russia.
The conservative turn in Russia accelerated after the Kremlin deployed troops to Ukraine in February last year.
Last December, Putin widened the 2013 law to criminalise any positive public mention of LGBTQ people or relationships.
In July this year lawmakers then banned medical intervention and administrative procedures that allowed people to change gender.
Authorities aim to "divert attention from the war, from the failures in the war," Shaida said.
And as the Kremlin often paints the military operation in Ukraine as a fight against liberal "decadent" values, Shaida believed Moscow passed the ban to further distance itself from the West.
Other NGOs, including transgender rights group "Center T", said they would publish safety guidelines for members of the LGBTQ community.
"One day it will be over but for now we need to try to continue to live and save ourselves," the Feminist Anti-War Resistance, which denounces Russia's military offensive in Ukraine, said on social media in response to the verdict.
