South Korea's main opposition Democratic Party leader Lee Jae-myung, lawmakers and people attend a rally to condemn South Korean President’s surprise declarations of the martial law last night and to call for his resignation, at the national assembly in Seoul, South Korea, December 4, 2024.
South Korean lawmakers on Wednesday called for the impeachment of President Yoon Suk Yeol after he declared martial law only to reverse the move hours later, triggering the biggest political crisis in decades in Asia's fourth-largest economy.
The move late on Tuesday shocked South Koreans, with Yoon calling in the military which released a decree banning protests and activity by parliament and political parties, and placing media under government control.
But 190 of the National Assembly's 300 members defied police and military cordons to vote against the declaration, which Yoon then lifted.
Here is what we know so far:
Why did Yoon declare martial law?
Yoon said opposition parties had taken the parliamentary process hostage.
"I declare martial law to protect the free Republic of Korea from the threat of North Korean communist forces, to eradicate the despicable pro-North Korean anti-state forces that are plundering the freedom and happiness of our people, and to protect the free constitutional order," Yoon said.
Yoon did not cite any specific threat from the nuclear-armed North, instead focusing on his domestic political opponents.
He complained of 22 impeachment motions filed against administration officials since he took office in May 2022.
The president's approval ratings have hovered near record lows amid a burgeoning influence peddling scandal and clashes with the opposition-controlled parliament over budgets and investigations.
What steps did the military take?
The military named Army Chief of Staff General Park An-su, a four-star general, to head a martial law command and released the decree effective at 11 p.m. on Tuesday.
Besides banning political activity and restricting the media, the decree also ordered striking doctors back to work.
Those who violate martial law could be arrested without a warrant, it said.
Masked martial law troops equipped with rifles, body armour and night-vision equipment entered the National Assembly where they faced off with staffers who opposed them with fire extinguishers.
What was the response?
Thousands of demonstrators gathered outside the parliament where there were minor clashes with police and military.
Lawmakers gathered to vote against martial law, as both opposition lawmakers and leaders of Yoon's own party decried it as unconstitutional.
All 190 of the lawmakers present voted to lift martial law, including 18 from Yoon's own party.
Yoon ordered troops to pull back and later lifted the decree after convening a cabinet meeting.
Some foreign embassies in Seoul warned their citizens to take caution.
Officials in the United States, Britain, Germany, and elsewhere said they were concerned about the developments and said peaceful rule of law should prevail.
How did markets react?
The won KRW= tumbled to a two-year low before steadying as dealers reported suspected intervention by South Korean authorities, while stocks in Seoul fell around 2% on Wednesday. The finance ministry said it was ready to deploy "unlimited" liquidity into financial markets if needed, and the Bank of Korea also pledged support.
What happens next?
Opposition lawmakers called on Yoon to resign or face impeachment. His chief of staff and other officials offered to resign en masse, while the leader of his ruling party called for the defence minister to be fired and the entire cabinet to resign.
More protests are expected with South Korea's largest union coalition, the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions, planning to hold a rally in Seoul and vowing to strike until Yoon resigns.
Diplomatic engagements, including a visit by the prime minister of Sweden and a meeting of the U.S.-South Korea Nuclear Consultative Group, were postponed.
