Italy has handed tax demands to Meta, X and LinkedIn in an unprecedented VAT claim against the US tech giants that could have repercussions across the European Union, four sources with direct knowledge of the matter said on Wednesday.
While it has been reported that Facebook and Instagram parent company Meta and Elon Musk's social network X were under investigation for alleged tax fraud, it had not been disclosed that Microsoft's LinkedIn unit was also caught up in Italy's pilot VAT case for the tech sector in Europe.
Italy is claiming 887.6 million euros (Sh115.1 billion) from Meta, 12.5 million euros (Sh1.6 billion) from X and around 140 million euros (Sh18.2 billion) from LinkedIn.
These figures refer to the entire period under investigation, from 2015-2016 to 2021-2022, depending on the case, but the tax assessment notice now served only covers the years for which claims are set to expire, namely 2015 and 2016.
The issue is likely to be particularly sensitive given trade tensions between the EU and the administration of US President Donald Trump.
Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni has a good relationship with Musk, who is keen to expand his Starlink communications business in Italy.
Italian tax authorities argue that user registrations with X, LinkedIn and Meta platforms should be seen as taxable transactions as they imply the exchange of a membership account in return for a user's personal data.
In a statement to Reuters , Meta said it would not comment on the details of this case, reiterating that it had cooperated "fully with the authorities on our obligations under EU and local law."
It added that the company "strongly disagrees with the idea that providing access to online platforms to users should be subject to VAT."
The case could ultimately be extended to the 27-nation European Union since VAT is a harmonised EU tax, and force a rethink of the business model of the tech industry.
According to several experts consulted by Reuters , the Italian approach could affect almost all companies, from airlines to supermarkets to publishers, who link access to free services on their sites to users' acceptance of profiling cookies.
Italy has actively pursued tech companies over tax. Google in February agreed to pay 326 million euros to settle a tax claim relating to the period between 2015 and 2019.
But this is the first time in such cases that a settlement agreement has not been reached, and that the Revenue Agency has handed the companies a formal assessment notice, the last step before the start of a fully-fledged judicial tax dispute.
This happened, according to three of the sources, because the case was not simply about agreeing a settlement figure but accepting a broader approach.
The three companies have 60 days before they can appeal and thus start the judicial process. They get another month's grace if they ask the tax authorities to formulate a proposal for a settlement.
After this, according to the sources, there are several options.
The first is to go to court, with risks for both parties. This procedure involves three different levels of judgment and in Italy has an average duration of about 10 years.
The second is that the Revenue Agency, which reports directly to the Economy Ministry, drops its claim.
This, according to the sources, could happen at any time during the proceedings, and could be for either technical reasons, such as the possible difficulty of applying this approach, or for political reasons.
The third is for the tax authorities and the companies to agree on the payment of the first contested annual instalments and for Italy to go back to the European Commission for its assessment, suspending the proceedings in the meantime.
This, sources said, would allow Italy to take any decision together with the rest of Europe.(
