Gen Z protestors along Kenyatta Avenue in Nairobi on June 25.
Across Africa and beyond, youth uprisings are forcing leaders to retreat. The harder task is turning street energy into institutions that can govern and endure.
Madagascar’s streets erupted on September 25, with protests modelled on Kenya’s Gen Z movement. Within four days, President Andry Rajoelina dissolved his entire government.
Yet history reminds us that while toppling power can happen in days, building something better requires years of preparation, patience and vision. That is the real test facing Africa’s young revolutionaries.
The demonstrations began with anger over chronic electricity and water cuts in a country where three out of four citizens live below the poverty line. But the methods were borrowed.
Protesters waved the same anime pirate flag that flew in Nepal weeks earlier and used the same decentralized online coordination that Kenya pioneered during the Finance Bill protests of June last year.
Twenty-two people died, politicians’ homes were stormed, and the much-touted presidential cable car project was set on fire. Crowds chanted “Leo” meaning “we are fed up” as they demanded not cosmetic reforms but systemic change.
From Nairobi to Dhaka to Kathmandu, youth-led uprisings between mid-2024 and this year have forced governments to retreat, reshuffle or collapse.
In Kenya, Gen Z not only pushed the withdrawal of the punitive Finance Bill but also triggered a sweeping Cabinet reshuffle and forced the opposition leader to rally behind President Ruto to save his regime.
In Bangladesh, 1,400 people died before Sheikh Hasina fled in a helicopter. Nepal’s youth coordinated interim leadership via Discord servers. Nigerian organisers cited Kenya directly as inspiration for their #EndBadGovernance protests.
Malagasy activists openly admitted they studied Kenya, Nepal and Morocco before launching their own revolt. Each new wave borrows symbols, tactics and digital strategies from the last.
The pirate flag flying from Kathmandu to Antananarivo is not only about anime fandom.
It symbolises a shared political consciousness moving across borders at speeds previous generations could never imagine.
What comes next, however, is the harder part. Many movements have stumbled when the euphoria of victory met the realities of governance.
Egypt’s Tahrir Square gave way to military rule, and Hong Kong’s activists were forced into exile or prison.
Only a few, like Poland’s Solidarity or Chile’s student movement, turned protest energy into durable political transformation. The lesson is not that today’s uprisings are doomed.
It is the qualities that make them powerful, such as decentralisation and spontaneity.
They must evolve if they are to shape what comes after the streets fall quiet.
The task for Africa’s Gen Z is not only to hold governments accountable in the streets but also to prepare themselves to lead in boardrooms, legislatures and institutions.
Madagascar shows the fragility of this moment. The government was dissolved but the president remains, and unless protesters sustain pressure with organisational capacity and policy alternatives, the risk is that business as usual will re-emerge. Yet, this is not inevitable.
With the right strategies, the same generation that forced governments to back down can also become the generation that redefines governance itself.
The lessons are becoming clear. Social media networks are powerful but fleeting, and if they are not converted into durable organisations with legal teams, policy units and fundraising arms, their energy quickly dissipates. Revolutions also require broad coalitions to survive.
Middle-class support provides legitimacy and resources, but working-class grievances must remain at the heart of the struggle.
Kenya’s Gen Z protests succeeded partly because lawyers, doctors and teachers marched alongside boda boda riders and university students, creating a unity that had long been thought impossible. But anger alone is not enough.
Movements need economists, lawyers and reform-minded professionals to propose credible alternatives on taxation, corruption, employment and governance.
In Kenya, activists broke down the Finance Bill clause by clause, but they must go further and put forward their own vision for reform.
Street pressure cannot exist in isolation. Successful movements learn to work inside and outside the system at once.
Protests apply pressure, but legal challenges, professional associations and civic education build staying power and influence institutions from within.
This approach keeps movements independent while ensuring they are not sidelined when the real business of governing begins.
Above all, meaningful revolutions require patience. Africa’s youth must think in years, not weeks, if they want to secure lasting change.
Kenya sits at the heart of this continental wave. When young Kenyans forced President Ruto’s government to retreat on the Finance Bill and pushed a reluctant opposition leader to shore up a shaken regime, they proved that unity across ethnic and class lines is possible. But their task is unfinished.
Unless today’s energy hardens into sustainable civic and political institutions, victories risk being symbolic rather than structural. The question is not whether more governments will face youth uprisings.
They will. It is whether Africa’s young revolutionaries can master the transition from protest to power.
History shows that those who build institutions, propose alternatives and prepare for the long struggle transform societies.
Mr Amenyais a whistleblower, strategy consultant and startupmMentor. www.nelsonamenya.com
