Protesters have told all undocumented foreigners to leave South Africa by Tuesday, ahead of anti-immigrant rallies that many fear will turn violent.
Thousands of foreign Africans are heading home or huddling together in camps for fear of being attacked — though the group organising the protests, March and March, says it is peaceful.
Below are details of what the protesters are complaining about, how widespread their views are and how they stack up against reality.
Why have marchers targeted African migrants?
Anti-foreigner groups say South Africa is overrun with illegal immigrants who take jobs away from South Africans, use up scarce public services and are responsible for high crime rates.
On June 24, Musa Hlongwa, president of the anti-migrant civil group United South Africa, told journalists:
"South Africans are tired of standing in long queues in hospitals ... competing for spaces in public schools with illegal immigrants ... competing for jobs with foreign nationals ... tired of Nigerians who are selling drugs to youth of this country."
How many South Africans share their views?
A Human Sciences Research Council poll showed South Africans were more hostile towards immigrants than ever, with only one in six adults saying they would welcome all foreigners and 42% saying they would welcome none, up from a third in 2021.
An Afrobarometer survey showed seven out of 10 South Africans see immigrants' economic impact as negative, with an overwhelming 85% saying authorities should cut the number of refugees coming in, or stop them altogether.
How do anti-migrant claims stack up against reality?
Claim 1: South Africa is being overrun with illegal immigrants
A national statistics office survey in 2023 showed there were 3.1 million migrants in South Africa, equivalent to about 4.1% of the population, down from 5.6% a decade ago.
That is low by international standards. In Britain the proportion is 17%, Canada 22% and Australia 30%, according to 2024 U.N. data.
Campaigners say the statistics do not reflect the true numbers which are swollen by undocumented arrivals. But StatsSA uses census data that is designed to capture them too.
"The impression is that there are ... hordes of people coming into the country, but the data points to the contrary," Anthony Kaziboni, senior researcher at the University of Johannesburg's Centre for Social Development in Africa, said.
Claim 2: Foreigners are responsible for South Africa's high crime rate
The police do not release data on the nationalities of convicts, but prison population figures from the justice department in 2017 showed 11,842 foreigners were being held in South African prisons — or about 6% of the prison population. Of those, 1,380 were there for entering the country illegally.
"All evidence suggests immigrants are disproportionately law abiding. Most of their crimes are immigration violations," Loren B. Landau, Professor of Migration and Development at the University of Oxford, said.
Claim 3: African migrants are taking jobs away from locals
A 2018 World Bank report showed that for every migrant employed, about two jobs are created for South Africans through business activity.
That is because migrants make money and then spend the bulk of it in South Africa on goods and services produced by locals.
"If you own a restaurant in South Africa ... (you) have more customers available to you," Lauren Gilbert, director of political science data at GeoQuant, said.
"If migrants are living with dubious kitchen facilities (for example) because migrant housing is often bad ... they're more likely to eat street food."
Claim 4: Undocumented migrants are using up scarce public services
Undocumented migrants are highly unlikely to try to use public hospitals or schools, for which they must register, for fear of being found out, Kaziboni said.
Health and education services are struggling across the country, but that is mostly due to chronic underinvestment and endemic corruption, according to economists.
"To squarely blame immigrants for a failed healthcare crisis is unjust and it's unfounded. There is no evidence that supports that," Kaziboni said.
"We should blame poor governance, maladministration and corruption," he said, noting that 1.5 trillion rand ($91.27 billion) was lost to corruption during former president Jacob Zuma's term in office, plus 1 billion rand spent on investigating it.
Historically, the apartheid government used migrant labour from all over Africa to keep wages low in gold mines and undermine unions, a policy burned into the collective memory.
Today, a third of people are out of work, one of the world's highest unemployment rates. Service delivery is so bad it cost the ruling African National Congress its majority in 2024 elections. Inequality is the highest in the world, by some measures.
That all fuels anger that is easy to direct onto migrants. Politicians also stoke it around election time — there are local elections due by November this year.
"Immigrants are by no means the reason why services and the economy have faltered, but people remember what confirms their biases," Landau said. "What they don't see is the foreigners investing, trading or providing skills the economy needs."
